On the 11th day of action to defend pensions and oppose President Emmanuel Macron — April 6 — millions were on the street across France and hundreds of thousands were on strike, in a joyful festival atmosphere.
This was despite police repression, and the refusal by the national union leaderships to organise an indefinite general strike or to give any real support to the more radical 91̳ of workers, such as the oil refinery workers who are blockading oil depots with mass pickets. (Meanwhile, the government sent in riot police and requisitioned some workers to force them back to work.)
Conflict at a plateau
Thursday’s day of action attracted fewer protesters, but still millions, in 370 demonstrations across the country.
Bosses’ representatives complain that each day of action “costs a billion and a half Euros”. In Italy and Belgium there have been some solidarity strikes. Young people were far more in evidence at the demonstrations this week. Hundreds of high schools and dozens of universities are regularly blockaded, and the slogans are more radical than before.
On Thursday, hundreds of young people in Paris chanted “we are young, fired up, and revolutionary” while a barricaded high school in central France resounded to the chant “Down with the state, the cops and the fascists!” In Paris, a bemused Norwegian pop singer, Girl in Red, cutely asked her concert audience to teach her a little French. The hall erupted with chants of “Macron, démission!” (“Macron, resign!”).
There are ongoing strikes in oil, air transport, docks and energy, although garbage collectors and several key rail depots have suspended strike action, feeling isolated, after three or four weeks of striking.
Every day there are local demonstrations or motorways or wholesale centres blockaded. A few days ago, more than a thousand students at the University of Tolbiac in Paris were debating the way forward, together.
The conflict with Macron is at a plateau — neither side is prepared to give in and the movement is neither accelerating nor collapsing. As the revolt continues, considering political strategy is essential. How are the left organisations doing, faced with a huge and very popular revolt, and a national union leadership strategy that is unable to win?
Left organisations put to the test
A historic social explosion is always a test for any left organisation and evaluating the different wings of the French left in the crisis is a delicate exercise. Many thousands of activists in all the left parties (and many non-party people) have been doing excellent work organising strikes and protests, leafleting and caucusing, encouraging creativity and rebellion. Most of them have done more than I have, so I do not want to appear as a red professor, giving marks out of ten. But we need to win, this battle and many more, to defend ourselves and eventually to get rid of capitalism, so strategies must be understood and criticised openly.
The political landscape in France today has been formed by decades of neoliberalism and the powerful fightback against it. In 1995, 2006 and 2019, huge strike movements were successful in winning defensive battles against pension attacks, or against attacks on workers’ labour contract conditions. In 2003, 2010 and 2016, massive movements were defeated by the government and laws implemented to reduce pensions, and make it much easier to sack workers.
There are two key points: One is that all these struggles, like the one going on right now, are inspiring, but nevertheless, defensive struggles, to stop the neoliberals taking stuff away from us. Secondly, they involve a high level of political class consciousness. Millions of older workers went on strike and protested in 2006, when the government threatened a worse work contract for employees under 26. Millions of workers not affected personally by the present Macron attack on pensions are enthusiastically taking part in the movement. The ideal of “an injury to one is an injury to all” and the understanding that if they beat us in this battle they will be all the stronger for the next is extremely widespread.
Finally, even when the explosive movements lost on their immediate defensive demands, governments were generally obliged to shelve a whole series of other attacks they had been planning (for example, this month the government has shelved a racist immigration law, and also suspended a plan to reintroduce two weeks of national military service for all young people).
After the Socialist Party destroyed itself
This energetic class struggle has formed the political landscape today.
The Socialist Party (SP) was electorally destroyed when, in government, it introduced new labour laws smashing national union agreements, reducing payment for overtime, etc, in 2016. In the 2022 elections, the SP got 32 Members of Parliament — 10 times fewer than in 2012.
The millions of people involved in the mass movements I have mentioned, sometimes victorious, sometimes defeated, were looking for a political expression to their opposition to neoliberalism. They didn’t become millions of Marxists, because Marxism was still very solidly linked to Stalinism and Soviet imperialism in people’s minds, and because the Marxist organisations were not big enough or smart enough to grow much.
But people were looking for a radical left insurgent option, and that is what made the France Insoumise (France in Revolt) possible. Imagine if, in Britain, Jeremy Corbyn had left the Labour Party and built a radical left alternative, which then went on to get seven million votes — that is the FI.
The FI calls for “a citizens’ revolution”, to sweep away the presidentialist fifth republic and put a sixth republic in its place, while defending a very radical program: retirement at 60; a turn to 100% renewable energy; 100% organic farming; a big rise in the minimum wage; a billion Euros for measures to fight violence against women; and so on.
The FI movement and its 74 MPs have been playing a positive role in the present revolt. When Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne announced that the attack on pensions would be forced through by decree, all the FI MPs held up signs for the cameras “See you in the streets!”. When the national union leaders called a day of action ten long days after the previous one, the FI called for rallies in front of all the regional government headquarters between the two days of action. The FI’s strike fund has raised €900,000.
This week, FI leader Jean Luc Melenchon is being taken to court by the Paris chief of police for “insulting the police”. He had declared that one particularly violent police squad should be dissolved and the “young men should be sent off for psychological help” because “normal folk don’t volunteer to get on a motorcycle and beat people with batons as they pass by”. These few symbolic examples show the radicalism of the FI.
It is unsurprising that Macron is launching a major campaign against the FI. He accuses it of “wanting to delegitimise our institutions”. His hardline interior minister Gérard Darmanin is denouncing the “intellectual terrrorism” of the radical left. The entire left must be ready to defend the FI against right-wing attacks, whatever other disagreements persist.
There is still much missing, however, in the FI’s approach. In many ways a traditional reformist organisation, seeing parliament at the centre of its medium-term strategy, the organisation accepts a “division of labour” by means of which it is the role of union leaderships to run the strike movement, and political parties should stay out of debates about strategy. This is disastrous when the union leadership’s strategy is so woefully inadequate.
In addition, many among the FI leadership are keen to win this battle so that political life gets “back to normal” and politics resumes through traditional channels. We Marxists, in contrast, are hoping that this battle will build up consciousness and organisation, which will make our class refuse to go “back to normal” political life, but rather start exploring how capitalism can be overthrown.
The rise of the FI and its successful occupation of the radical left space has left the French Communist Party (PCF) squeezed out. It still has 50,000 members, of which nearly a third are elected local or regional councillors, and it has 12 MPs. Under its leader, Fabien Roussel, the PCF is trying to occupy a space clearly to the right of the FI, to capture some of the people the SP lost but who were not tempted by Macronism, and even some far-right voters. Roussel has shown this by declaring his support for nuclear power, attending rallies organised by hard right police trade unions, and, right now, prioritising the campaign for a referendum on the pensions law (a process which would take months and require almost five million signatures).
The revolutionary approach
What, then, of the revolutionary left? In France, there are three revolutionary organisations with a couple of thousand of members each, one with about a thousand, and four with a couple of hundred each. One or two of these last operate inside FI networks, since the FI is an extremely loose organisation.
Some of the most radical actions, such as taking busloads of students to join mass pickets at the oil refineries, or organising regular grassroots inter-union meetings, have been initiated by revolutionaries. And some of the most important questions — such as how to move from a powerful defensive movement to an offensive against neoliberalism and capitalism — are put forward by Marxists.
Yet, what is lacking is that no organisation is setting up public meetings in every town entitled “General Strike: Why and how?” There is no organisation calling rallies in front of the regular meetings of the national union leaderships, pushing them to call a real general strike. Most revolutionaries are following a strategy of “pushing the movement forward as far as possible”. This is obviously essential, but leaves the general strategy in the hands of union leaderships. A clear analysis of the role of trade union leaders as professional negotiators with specific interests — which rapidly conflict with those of workers when struggle rises — is generally absent.
The next day of action is on April 13, but the weakness of the “weekly day of action” as the sole national strategy is ever more visible. Less combative organisations are suggesting the solution is to spend months campaigning for a referendum. But what is needed is an indefinite general strike.
[John Mullen is an anticapitalist activist living in the Paris region and a supporter of the France Insoumise. His website is at randombolshevik.org.]